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Before Macintosh: The Apple Lisa

My colleague, computer historian David Greelish, has started work on a documentary about a seminal Apple computer which changed the world. Not the Macintosh, but Before Macintosh: the Apple Lisa. The Lisa was the first commercially available computer to bring the Graphical User Interface (GUI) outside of the laboratory, with windows, menus, a mouse and fonts in documents. The story of its development, the people behind it, and the legacy of this groundbreaking machine will be the focus of the production.

As the curator of the Vintage Mac Museum, I have been interviewed for the film to provide perspective on the system’s history and development. Some of my vintage Mac collection is included as well (this always makes the equipment happy), and a teaser trailer for the film has just been released:

Check back periodically at theapplelisafilm.com for additional trailers and information about the film.

Moof! Remembering Clarus the DogCow

Longtime Macintosh users certainly remember Clarus the DogCow, a quirky and unusual component of the original Mac OS. Clarus is a hybrid digital entity falling somewhere between a Dog and a Cow (aka DogCow). She was born in 1983 in Apple’s labs during the Macintosh creation, as a character in the Cairo font designed by Susan Kare. In 1986 she mutated with System 5 to become the bitmapped creature that displays print setting options for the LaserWriter.

In 1989 a legendary and tongue-in-cheek Apple developer document, DTS TechNote #31, officially recognized this critter as “Clarus the Dogcow” and she soon became the mascot of the DTS Team:

“The dogcow has no natural enemies, but the meager population manages to keep itself in check through its own stupidity. They have a nasty tendency to graze off cliffs (in fact, there are no known “cliff-dwelling dogcows” left in existence) and to get lost in the weeds.” (DTS TechNote #31)

Clarus has the ability to flip, invert, shrink to fit or do a “precision alignment”. Her vocalization combines the moo of the cow with the woof of the dog, resulting in the unmistakable moof sound we all know and love.

http://vintagemacmuseum.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/moof.wav

Clarus was the star of some of the first QuickTime movies made in Apple’s labs. In 1993 Apple installed sculptures on their campus depicting celebrated icons from original Mac OS, and many Apple employees took pictures of themselves with the famous DogCow.

“Since dogcows are two dimensional, they will stand facing a viewer “on edge” to avoid being seen […] The reason that the dogcow can invert has to do with the fact that it’s genes have about as much order as the crowd at a Sex Pistols concert.” (DTS TechNote #31)

Clarus was sacrified to the cause of modernity when Mac OS X appeared, but she nevertheless remains a beloved memory of 8 bit days gone by. More information can be found at the comprehensive Clarus the DogCow: Moof Museum or the archived Apple Developer Connection (ADC) site A Nest of Dogcattle (via Archive.org)

Keeping Old Mac Software Alive Through Emulation

Part of keeping our digital heritage alive is the ability to run software from years past. This may be for historical reasons, for performing current work, or just to play old games. But with the passage of time running classic software on original hardware becomes more difficult. Vintage computers are getting harder to maintain, or no longer exist, consigning old software to the digital graveyard.

Emulation is a solution for this problem. An emulator allows users to run software designed for one computer environment and processor inside a host system with a different kind of processor. The emulator is a shell, a “software computer” that interfaces the two and provides a mechanism to interchange files between environments. A side benefit is that old software usually runs much faster on the more current hardware.

A recent job at the Mac Museum proved the usefulness of emulators again. My client was using an early 1990s graphics program called Imagic to process satellite weather maps. He had created many custom macros to process the data, but the application was long abandoned and would only run on 68k based Macs. So for over two decades he has been juggling a small stable of Quadras to run this software, which got older and more finicky over time.

At wits end with failing hardware, he asked me about alternatives. Emulation to the rescue. Using Basilisk II configured to emulate a Quadra running System 7.5.3, I was able to install a copy of Imagic and verify it worked. My client then purchased a modern Mac and we transferred the setup to his system. After some configuration and training we were in business: the software ran super fast, my client was very relieved, and the Quadras can now enter their long deserved retirement.

Here are some of the more popular emulators for running vintage Mac software:

Mini vMac
Mini vMac is a 68k Mac Plus emulator available for a surprising number of platforms (including your iPhone), supporting Mac System Software version 1 up through 7.5.5. If you’ve ever wanted to see what the original Mac was like or play with Talking Moose under System 6, Mini VMac is for you. • Setup Guide

Basilisk II
Basilisk II moves the needle forward by emulating either a Mac IIci (68030) or Quadra (68040) running System 7 through 8.1. This is a more complex effort supporting networking with other computers and printers, and a shared folder allows for transfer of files between emulator and host OS. • Setup Guide

SheepShaver
SheepShaver is a PowerPC Macintosh emulator (a companion to Basilisk) supporting System 7.5.2 through Mac OS 9.0.4, When running OS 9 SheepShaver works reasonably well as a partial substitute for Classic mode on modern systems with a wide range of old Mac software. • Setup Guide

For best results you should try to emulate the processor type and operating system that your software was designed for. Configuration steps vary, see the Setup Guides for each emulator for details. Macintosh Garden has a good summary of how to install software into your emulator.

One thing all these emulators have in common is the need for a Macintosh ROM file to be available. Emaculation has a summary of methods for extracting ROM files from existing Macs or otherwise obtaining the images.

Online Emulators
If you don’t want to install anything and bother with configuration and finding ROM files, a number of emulators are available online using tools like JavaScript and CSS. Think about that: you can now run an entire early Macintosh inside a web browser. Here are a few worth checking out:

• Internet Archive MacOS Compilation – System 7.0.1, MacDraw, MacPaint, PageMaker, etc.
• Internet Archive HyperCard Emulator – System 7.0.1 with HyperCard 2.4
• James Friend’s Mac Plus Emulator – System 6.0.8 and lots of games
• After Dark in CSS – relive your favorites: Flying Toasters, Fish, etc.

iBook G4 – a Life Well Lived

Sometimes my vintage and professional Mac lives collide, and I wind up working on a consulting job involving a system old enough to be in the Mac Museum. Such was the case this week with an iBook G4 I encountered, which appears to have had quite a life.

This particular system is a 2003 12-inch iBook G4. It started life as the business laptop for a professional dancer, and endured a decade of being lugged around the world and used as a daily driver in the field before it got too old to be of use as a primary computer.

It then passed on to her husband, a painter, to use in his studio (an outside shed) for displaying and projecting photographs. Unheated in winter, un-air conditioned in summer, the little iBook lasted another several years while acquiring the most amazing coat of random paint droplets I’ve ever seen on a computer.

A few weeks ago, destiny called. My clients’ house was nearly hit by a lightning strike. Fortunately the bolt hit the ground nearby instead but still fried some electronics, including the iBook G4 in the backyard studio. After taking stock (nobody was hurt) and dealing with insurance, I was called in to help recover photos from the backup drive and erase any data which might remain on the internal hard drive.

Now to be honest, the iBook has never been one of my favorite Macs. The G3 model introduced WiFi (Airport) and translucent plastics to Mac laptops, but the top heavy design looked like a toilet bowl seat painted in garish day-glo colors. The all white rectangular G4 models were much more civilized, but getting the hard drive out of a G4 iBook is an unnecessarily difficult, swear word evoking exercise.

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However they are designed for rough use and built like tanks, so on a hunch I decided to try booting using a different AC adapter before tearing apart the computer. Lo and behold it started on the first try! Chime, a slow boot cycle, and then a dim desktop appeared behind the flecks of paint. I just had to bring the brightness up and the system was a good as – err – a decade and a half old computer.

I recovered the remainder of my clients’ data, then erased the hard drive. I think this iBook can finally be retired in honor: truly a Life Well Lived. However, it may now qualify as a work of art given the extremely unique paint job it proudly sports!

The Macintosh Wayback Machine

How many generations of Mac technology (both hardware and software) can you cram into a single Macintosh? Inquiring minds need to know! I haven’t nearly hit the limit yet, but here’s a good start towards answering the question. Introducing the Macintosh Wayback Machine:

• 24″ Intel iMac running OS X El Capitan
• Apple ADB Extended Keyboard II
• Apple 9-pin mouse model M0100
• Mac OS X Snow Leopard (VMWare)
• Mac OS 9 (SheepShaver)
• System 6.0.8 (Mini vMac)

I clearly have too much time on my hands, but this just had to be done.

The 24″ Intel iMac is one of my favorite designs. It has a nice big screen, is fairly easy to service (by Apple standards), and has been upgraded with a zippy SSD. These machines contain FireWire ports along with USB2 connectors so it’s easy to connect external drives from multiple Mac eras.

The ADB Extended Keyboard II is legendary among Mac users – they don’t make ’em like this anymore. It’s huge by modern standards and takes up way more desk space than required, but has a deep, firm mechanical typing action that would make a modern MacBook Pro blush with envy. A Griffin iMate ADB-USB adapter connects the beast to the iMac, which was a common adapter back in the day.

I knew this project had to happen when I learned about RetroConnector’s 9-pin to USB adapter for the Apple M0100 Mouse. This device allows the original Macintosh mouse to work with any USB equipped computer. Visually this is brilliant, and really adds to the gestalt of the project. In use the geriatric mouse is somewhat pokey on a big screen and less accurate than modern optical mice – but hey, it works! (Update: RetroConnector has told me the tracking speed is adjustable in the adapter – perfect :)

The system uses a semi-transparent power cord from a first generation G3 iMac. I would have used a beige Mac Plus cord but its right angle plug doesn’t work well with the newer iMac’s round recessed port.

Of course a computer is more than just hardware, and the software side of the Mac is what we’ve interacted with for decades. Apple revises the Mac OS every year now and over time drops compatibility for older applications (Classic, PowerPC, 32-bit, etc.) Virtualization and emulation solve part of this problem.

OS X El Capitan 10.11.6 runs all current Mac OS software (both 32 and 64 bit), modern web browsers, iTunes, iCloud, etc. It’s a good current OS version and the last supported release for this machine.

In OS X Lion 10.7 Apple dropped support for running PowerPC apps. Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.6.8 was the last version to include this capability (Rosetta), so the Wayback Machine is running Snow Leopard Server inside VMWare to overcome this limitation. The setup allows the use of older OS X software such as Microsoft Office 2004, Adobe CS2 and obsolete versions of the Apple Airport Utility.

To access Classic apps I installed SheepShaver – inside Snow Leopard – running Mac OS 9.0.4. This emulator supports much pre-OS X era software as long as it doesn’t require virtual memory. It isn’t as well integrated as Classic mode, but it’s cool to see Mac OS 9 booting on your Intel machine!

Why stop there? Mini vMac is another venerable tool which emulates a Macintosh Plus and runs on many platforms (Macs, PC, Linux, etc.) Using disk image files you can run anything from the original Mac System Software through System 7.5.5. I have System 6.0.8 installed along with first generation releases of MacPaint, MacDraw and MacWrite. Talking Moose still gives me a laugh!

The deeper you go into emulation the slower things get. Snow Leopard inside VMWare runs quite well. SheepShaver inside a virtualized Snow Leopard runs decently, you could use it to get work done. Mini vMac inside virtualized Snow Leopard is somewhat slow. Fortunately I can run both SheepShaver and Mini vMac directly under El Cap if needed.

When I woke up the morning following setup, the iMac’s screen was black and I heard a strange fluttering sound coming from the system. I thought the hardware was failing, but no, After Dark had started inside Mini vMac and was running Flying Toasters with sound enabled! Another blast from the past.

A fun little project, and one which I’m sure will grow with time.

A Rare Beast Captured: the JLPGA PowerBook 170

A new addition to the collection has recently arrived, one I’m quite excited about. Captured alive from the wilds of geekdom, the VMM is now the caretaker of an elusive JLPGA PowerBook 170 in all its multicolor glory.

In 1992 Apple manufactured approximately 500 multi-colored PowerBook 170 models to commemorate the Japanese Ladies Professional Golf Association (JLPGA) tournament. This was during the John Sculley era so co-marketing promotions were common at the company.

The PowerBook 170 was quite a machine for it’s day. This first generation PowerBook replaced the older Macintosh Portable with a much smaller, lighter design, 9.8-inch active matrix display, 25MHz 68030 processor, up to 8MB of RAM, 2.5″ SCSI HD and a built-in modem. It was a favorite for business and professional users, and the form factor lasted several generations.

Personally, I remember having my first case of PowerBook Envy lusting after a colleague’s 170…

The JLPGA PowerBook 170 has the same innards as a standard PB170, this wasn’t a high performance model. Rather its rarity derives from the color case and that fact that only 500 are known to have been made. Replacing the standard battleship grey components are a dark blue palmrest and screen bezel, white top and bottom panels, yellow hinges, red sliding panels and green rotating feet. It is similar to the multicolor Apple logo color scheme and is really quite striking in appearance.

Also unique about this PowerBook is the mixed Japanese-English keyboard. This was a promo item for Japan so you don’t often see these kinds of keyboards outside that region. I’ll need to find a Japanese version of System 7.1 to run on this puppy for completeness.

The hinged door panel which covers the rear cable ports (missing on my unit) is also red in color. However this panel is something which gets lost on nearly all 100 series Powerbooks, and with one exception every JLPGA PB170 I’ve seen listed on eBay is missing the red rear door. This frequently lost panel may literally be one of the most rare parts Apple has ever produced!

Like most PowerBook 170 models the VMM JLPGA experiences the infamous tunnel vision screen effect: after warming up the screen corners turn black and the display tunnels down to an oval window. Sadly this is a common problem on the 170 and no permanent fix is known.

As with all things, beauty is in the eye of the beholder. MacWorld magazine definitely appreciated it:

If you ever set your hands upon this colorful machine, you’ll have yourself quite a prize… Apple must have had a field day picking the colors for this machine. It sports a mostly blue body with a white lid and base, red battery doors and contrast sliders, yellow hinge caps and trackball, and green elevating feet. Other than all that, it appears to be a relatively unassuming PowerBook 170.

However Fortune magazine disagrees, calling it one of the six ugliest Apple products ever:

More the product of a questionable color scheme than poor industrial design, this commemorative Mac is extremely rare. Some 500 were made in honor of the JLPGA golf tournament in Japan.

Beautiful or garish, the JLPGA PowerBook 170 is a rare beast in the Mac collecting world. I am very fortunate to have the opportunity to add this gem to my collection.

The Macintosh Plus computer is the third model in the Macintosh line, introduced on January 16, 1986, two years after the original Macintosh and a little more than a year after the Macintosh 512K, with a price tag of US$2599.^[1] As an evolutionary improvement over the 512K, it shipped with 1 MB of RAM standard, expandable to 4 MB, and an external SCSI peripheral bus, among smaller improvements. Originally, the computer's case was the same beige color as the original Macintosh, Pantone 453,^[2] however in 1987, the case color was changed to the long-lived, warm gray 'Platinum' color.^[3] It is the earliest Macintosh model able to run System 7.

Overview[edit]

Bruce Webster of BYTE reported a rumor in December 1985: 'Supposedly, Apple will be releasing a Big Mac by the time this column sees print: said Mac will reportedly come with 1 megabyte of RAM ... the new 128K-byte ROM ... and a double-sided (800K bytes) disk drive, all in the standard Mac box'.^[4] Introduced as the Macintosh Plus, it was the first Macintosh model to include a SCSI port, which launched the popularity of external SCSI devices for Macs, including hard disks, tape drives, CD-ROM drives, printers, Zip Drives, and even monitors.^[5] The SCSI implementation of the Plus was engineered shortly before the initial SCSI spec was finalized and, as such, is not 100% SCSI-compliant. SCSI ports remained standard equipment for all Macs until the introduction of the iMac in 1998.

The Macintosh Plus was the last classic Mac to have a phone cord-like port on the front of the unit for the keyboard, as well as the DE-9 connector for the mouse; models released after the Macintosh Plus would use ADB ports.

The Mac Plus was the first Apple computer to utilize user-upgradable SIMM memory modules instead of single DIP DRAM chips. Four SIMM slots were provided and the computer shipped with four 256K SIMMs, for 1MB total RAM. By replacing them with 1MB SIMMs, it was possible to have 4MB of RAM. (Although 30-pin SIMMs could support up to 16MB total RAM, the Mac Plus motherboard had only 22 address lines connected, for a 4MB maximum.)

It has what was then a new 3+1⁄2-inch double-sided 800 KB floppy drive, offering double the capacity of floppy disks from previous Macs, along with backward compatibility. The then-new drive is controlled by the same IWM chip as in previous models, implementing variable speedGCR. The drive was still completely incompatible with PC drives. The 800 KB drive has two read/write heads, enabling it to simultaneously use both sides of the floppy disk and thereby double storage capacity. Like the 400 KB drive before it, a companion Macintosh 800K External Drive was an available option. However, with the increased disk storage capacity combined with 2-4x the available RAM, the external drive was less of a necessity than it had been with the 128K and 512K.

The Mac Plus has 128 KB of ROM on the motherboard, which is double the amount of ROM in previous Macs; the ROMs included software to support SCSI, the then-new 800 KB floppy drive, and the Hierarchical File System (HFS), which uses a true directory structure on disks (as opposed to the earlier MFS, Macintosh File System in which all files were stored in a single directory, with one level of pseudo-folders overlaid on them). For programmers, the fourth Inside Macintosh volume details how to use HFS and the rest of the Mac Plus's new system software. The Plus still did not include provision for an internal hard drive and it would be over nine months before Apple would offer a SCSI drive replacement for the slow Hard Disk 20. It would be well over a year before Apple would offer the first internal hard disk drive in any Macintosh.

A compact Mac, the Plus has a 9-inch (23 cm) 512 × 342 pixel monochrome display with a resolution of 72 PPI, identical to that of previous Macintosh models.^[6] Unlike earlier Macs, the Mac Plus's keyboard includes a numeric keypad and directional arrow keys and, as with previous Macs, it has a one-button mouse and no fan, making it extremely quiet in operation. The lack of a cooling fan in the Mac Plus led to frequent problems with overheating and hardware malfunctions.

The applications MacPaint and MacWrite were bundled with the Mac Plus. After August 1987, HyperCard and MultiFinder were also bundled. Third-party software applications available included MacDraw, Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint, as well as Aldus PageMaker. Microsoft Excel and PowerPoint (originally by Forethought) were actually developed and released first for the Macintosh, and similarly Microsoft Word 1 for Macintosh was the first time a GUI version of that software was introduced on any personal computer platform. For a time, the exclusive availability of Excel and PageMaker on the Macintosh were noticeable drivers of sales for the platform.

The case design is essentially identical to the original Macintosh. It debuted in beige and was labeled Macintosh Plus on the front, but Macintosh Plus 1 MB on the back, to denote the 1 MB RAM configuration with which it shipped. In January 1987 it transitioned to Apple's long-lived platinum-gray color with the rest of the Apple product line, and the keyboard's keycaps changed from brown to gray. In January 1988, with reduced RAM prices, Apple began shipping 2- and 4- MB configurations and rebranded it simply as 'Macintosh Plus.' Among other design changes, it included the same trademarked inlaid Apple logo and recessed port icons as the Apple IIc and IIGS before it, but it essentially retained the original design.

An upgrade kit was offered for the earlier Macintosh 128K and Macintosh 512K/enhanced, which includes a new motherboard, floppy disk drive and rear case. The owner retained the front case, monitor and analog board. Because of this, there is no 'Macintosh Plus' on the front of upgraded units, and the Apple logo is recessed and in the bottom left hand corner of the front case. However, the label on the back of the case reads 'Macintosh Plus 1MB'. The new extended Plus keyboard could also be purchased. Unfortunately, this upgrade cost almost as much as a new machine.

The Mac Plus itself can be upgraded further with the use of third-party accelerators. When these are clipped or soldered onto the 68000 processor, a 32 MHz 68030 processor can be used, and up to 16 MB RAM. This allows it to run Mac OS 7.6.1.^[7]

There is a program available called Mini vMac that can emulate a Mac Plus on a variety of platforms, including Unix, Windows, DOS, classic Mac OS, macOS, Pocket PC, iOS and even Nintendo DS.

Long production life[edit]

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Although the Macintosh Plus would become overshadowed by two new Macintoshes, the Macintosh SE and the Macintosh II in March 1987, it remained in production as a cheaper alternative until the introduction of the Macintosh Classic on October 15, 1990. This made the Macintosh Plus the longest-produced Macintosh ever, having been on sale unchanged for 1,734 days, until the 2nd generation Mac Pro, introduced on December 19, 2013, surpassed the record on September 18, 2018. (it would ultimately last for 2,182 days before being discontinued on December 10, 2019) (Second to the Mid 2012 13 inch (unibody) Macbook Pro that has been on sale from June,11,2012 to October,27,2016 spanning 4 years, 4 months, and 16 days this macbooks holds the title of the longest-produced MacBook Pro ever) It continued to be supported by versions of the classic Mac OS up to version 7.5.5, released in 1996. Additionally, during its period of general market relevance, it was heavily discounted like the 512K/512Ke before it and offered to the educational market badged as the 'Macintosh Plus ED'.^[8] Due to its popularity, long life and its introduction of many features that would become mainstays of the Macintosh platform for years, the Plus was a common 'base model' for many software and hardware products.

Problems[edit]

The lack of fan could cause the life of a Macintosh Plus to end early for some users. As the power supply would heat up, solder joints inside it would fracture causing many problems, such as loss of deflection in the monitor or a complete loss of power. As in most early compact Macs, the problem was common in the yoke connector, flyback transformer, and horizontal drive coupling capacitor.^[9] A fan was also often added to reduce heat when the machine was upgraded to its full RAM capacity of 4 MB.^[10]

From the debut of the Macintosh 128K through the Macintosh Plus, various third-party cooling add-ons were available to help increase airflow through the unit. Apple reorganized the compact Macintosh case to accommodate a fan with the release of the Macintosh SE, which optionally included a heat-generating internal hard disk.

ROM revisions[edit]

The Plus went through two ROM revisions during its general market relevance. The initial ROM was replaced after the first two months as it had a serious bug which prevented the Mac from booting if an external SCSI device was powered off. The second revision fixed a problem with some SCSI devices that could send the Mac into an endless reset at POST.^[11]

Emulators[edit]

Timeline of compact Macintosh models

References[edit]

1. ^'The 25 Greatest PCs of All Time'. PCWorld. August 11, 2006. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
2. ^'History of computer design: Apple Macintosh'. Landsnail.com. May 17, 1998. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
3. ^'History of computer design: Macintosh Plus'. Landsnail.com. May 17, 1998. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
4. ^Webster, Bruce (December 1985). 'Microcomputer Color Graphics-Observations'. BYTE. p. 405. Retrieved October 28, 2013.
5. ^Knight, Dan. 'ScuzzyGraph and ScuzzyGraph II'. Low End Mac. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
6. ^'Macintosh Plus: Technical Specifications'. Apple.
7. ^'Mac Plus'. Low End Mac. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
8. ^[1]
9. ^'Classic Mac Repair Notes'(PDF). 68kmla.org. Archived from the original(PDF) on June 6, 2014. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
10. ^Still Useful after All These Years -- The Mac Plus
11. ^'Technical Notes'. Developer.apple.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2004. Retrieved May 20, 2016.

External links[edit]

• Macintosh Plus technical specifications at apple.com

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